Verity Blog

Practical guides on communication patterns, evidence, and what to actually do next.

How-To

How Verity Pro Fits Into Your Firm’s Case Management Workflow

What Verity Pro’s Clio Grow, DocuSign, and court-date reminder integrations actually do, and where each fits into a case already moving through your existing tools.

Comparison

TextTimeline vs. Verity

TextTimeline indexes a text export so you can search it and generate a cited PDF. Verity analyzes the conversation for behavioral patterns and a health score.

Comparison

TextPort vs. Verity

TextPort turns iPhone messages into a paginated, timestamped PDF. Verity analyzes the conversation for behavioral patterns and a health score.

Family Law

What Custody Evaluators and Parenting Coordinators Look For in Text Evidence

A custody evaluator and a parenting coordinator are different roles with different mandates, and they tend to use communication evidence differently.

Family Law

What Co-Parenting App Expense and Payment Logs Can Show

OurFamilyWizard, TalkingParents, and similar apps keep a dated, itemized expense and reimbursement record that's separate from your message thread — and worth preserving on its own.

How-To

How to Export Text Message Data as CSV for Court

CSV isn't a platform export like WhatsApp or iMessage — it's a spreadsheet format that shows up from carrier records, third-party tools, and manual compilation.

How-To

What Is a Forensic Case Package? A Plain-English Explainer

For attorneys and paralegals: what a "case package" is as a deliverable, and how Verity's Pro portal assembles one from a parsed conversation.

How-To

How to Organize Text Message Exhibits for Court

Getting a clean export is only step one. How to select, format, and present text messages as court exhibits so a judge or opposing counsel can actually use them.

Comparison

BestInterest vs. Verity

BestInterest is a real co-parenting app with AI message filtering and a certified export. Here's how that differs from analyzing a conversation you already have.

Comparison

Decipher TextMessage vs. Verity

Decipher TextMessage is a well-regarded extraction tool. Here's what it does well, and where behavioral analysis picks up where extraction stops.

Comparison

iMazing vs. Verity

iMazing is a capable iOS backup tool with message export as a secondary feature. Here's how that differs from a purpose-built forensic report.

Family Law

How to Prove Coercive Control Through Text Messages

Coercive control rarely shows up as one dramatic message. Here's what courts and attorneys actually look for in a pattern, and how to organize an export to show it.

Understanding Patterns

12 Signs of Gaslighting in Text Messages (With Examples)

Gaslighting is easier to see written down than to feel in the moment. Twelve real patterns to look for in your own threads, with examples.

Understanding Patterns

Signs of Financial Abuse in Text Messages (With Examples)

Financial abuse hides in normal-sounding requests about money. Eight patterns to look for in your own threads.

Understanding Patterns

Gaslighting Examples in Co-Parenting Apps

OurFamilyWizard and similar apps keep communication documented — but the same manipulation patterns still show up inside them.

Understanding Patterns

What Does Stonewalling Look Like in Text Messages?

The "evidence" is an absence — no reply, no engagement. Eight ways stonewalling actually shows up in a real thread.

How-To

How to Export Text Messages as Evidence

Step-by-step export instructions for WhatsApp, iMessage, Android, Messenger, Instagram, Telegram, Snapchat, and OurFamilyWizard.

Understanding Patterns

How to Recognize DARVO in Text Messages

Deny, attack, reverse victim and offender — a predictable sequence once you can see it in writing. Eight ways it shows up in a real thread.

Understanding Patterns

Love Bombing vs. Harassment: How to Tell the Difference

Both can look like "too many messages" from the outside. The difference is in timing, and what happens after you ask it to stop.

Family Law

What Family Courts Look For in Co-Parenting Communication

General themes in how co-parenting messages tend to get read, plus the BIFF method family law professionals often recommend.

Privacy & Ethics

Why You Shouldn't Paste Your Text Messages Into ChatGPT for Court

Pasting a private conversation into a general-purpose AI chatbot carries risks most people don't think about until after they've done it.

How-To

Why Screenshots Alone Aren't Enough for Court

A screenshot can be part of your evidence, but here's what it's missing and what tends to hold up better.

Reference

Glossary of Digital Evidence Terms for Family Law Cases

Plain-language definitions for native export, metadata, chain of custody, authentication, and more.

How-To

Can Deleted Text Messages Be Recovered for Court?

It depends on the platform, how long ago it was deleted, and where else a copy might exist. A realistic breakdown.

Family Law

You're Not the Only One Without a Lawyer

National data suggests roughly 72% of divorce and separation cases involve at least one self-represented party — and 80–90% in some courts.

Family Law

What a Guardian Ad Litem Generally Looks For in Text Messages

GAL process varies by state and case, but here are the general themes that tend to matter in co-parenting communication.

How-To

Using WhatsApp Chat Exports in a Custody Case

WhatsApp is the default app for most of the world outside the US — which means it's often where the real history lives.

Family Law

What Is Federal Rule of Evidence 702? (2023 Amendment)

What the December 2023 amendment clarified, why it mattered, and what it has to do with expert-style analysis offered in court.

Family Law

How to Authenticate Electronic Evidence Under FRE 901 and 902

FRE 901 sets the general standard; FRE 902(13) and 902(14), in place since 2017, allow certain electronic evidence to self-authenticate by certification.

Family Law

Proving Coercive Control in California: The SB 1141 Story

Signed in 2020, effective 2021 — what SB 1141 actually changed in Family Code 6320 and what it means for evidence.

Family Law

Deepfakes, AI, and the Future of Text Message Evidence

A 2026 NY Court of Appeals ruling and a proposed federal rule both signal more scrutiny of digital evidence. What it means for text messages.

How-To

Family Law E-Discovery Software for Solo Practitioners

A buyer's-guide look at what to actually look for in digital-evidence software before you adopt it.

Understanding Patterns

Narcissistic Manipulation Tactics in Text Messages

Seven tactics that show up more clearly in writing than they do in the moment — moving goalposts, minimization, intermittent reinforcement, and more.

How-To

How to Organize a Custody Evidence Binder

A folder of screenshots isn't a binder. A practical structure for organizing text message evidence for a custody case.

Understanding Patterns

Signs of Triangulation in Co-Parenting Text Messages

Pulling a child or third party into adult conflict. Six ways triangulation shows up in a co-parenting thread.

Understanding Patterns

Signs of Emotional Abuse in Text Messages

Not one named tactic, but a steady undertone across months of otherwise ordinary messages. Eight signs to look for.

How-To

How to Talk to Your Attorney About Text Message Evidence

Walking in with months of texts and no plan burns billable time. How to prepare so the conversation is actually useful.

How-To

Does It Matter Which App You Used? OurFamilyWizard vs. Regular Texting

Court-monitored co-parenting apps and ordinary texting produce very different kinds of records. What each one actually gives you.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Texas Family Court?

Unlike California, Texas has no dedicated coercive-control statute. What Texas Family Code actually says, and what that gap means.

Understanding Patterns

Reactive Abuse: When Your Response Gets Used Against You

One heated reply, screenshotted out of context, can get used to reframe who the real problem is.

How-To

How to Talk to Your Kids About Court Without It Backfiring

Courts and evaluators specifically watch for signs a child has been coached or exposed to adult conflict.

How-To

What Judges Actually Read in a 500-Page Text Export (And What They Skip)

Volume alone doesn't make evidence persuasive. How structure decides whether a large export actually gets read.

How-To

How to Export iMessage Conversations for Court Evidence

iMessage has no "export chat" button — here's how to actually get to chat.db, the file that holds the real record, from a Mac or an iPhone backup.

Comparison

TalkingParents vs. Verity

TalkingParents documents co-parent communication that happens on its own platform going forward — Verity does deep behavioral pattern analysis on any exported conversation, including a TalkingParents export.

How-To

The Paralegal's Guide to Organizing Digital Text Evidence

The attorney doesn't have time to read 3,000 unsorted messages on intake — you do. A practical workflow for triaging a client's raw text export without undermining it later.

Family Law

Deleting Text Messages During a Custody Case: What Spoliation Actually Means

This isn't about recovering a deleted message — it's about the legal risk of deleting it once a custody case is reasonably anticipated, even for entirely personal reasons.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Washington State?

Washington added coercive control to its domestic violence definition in 2022 via HB 1901. What RCW 7.105.010 actually says, and how it connects to parenting plans.

Understanding Patterns

Weaponized Incompetence in Co-Parenting Text Messages

Performed helplessness with logistics — scheduling, forms, co-parenting apps — can offload responsibility onto the other parent while looking blameless. Seven ways it shows up in a real thread.

Comparison

Best Co-Parenting Apps for Court-Admissible Communication

OurFamilyWizard, TalkingParents, and 2houses each produce a different kind of record — here's how tone tools, tamper-resistance, and export format actually compare, and which ones Verity reads natively today.

How-To

How to Export Discord Messages for Court Evidence

Discord has no single export button either — here's how to request your own data package straight from Discord, what comes back, and why it holds up better than a screenshot.

Privacy & Ethics

Can Text Messages Be Faked? What to Know About AI-Generated Fake Screenshots

Fake screenshot generators are real, free, and require no technical skill — here's how they actually work, and why a native export closes the question a screenshot can't.

Family Law

Using Text Messages as Evidence in a Protective Order Case

A protective order case moves on a different clock than a custody case — here's what that difference means for how you organize your text message evidence.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Connecticut? Jennifer's Law, Explained

Connecticut's Jennifer's Law wrote coercive control into the state's legal definition of domestic violence. What CGS § 46b-1 actually says, and how it connects to restraining orders and custody.

Understanding Patterns

Signs of Covert Narcissism in Text Messages

Covert narcissism reads quieter than the overt version — performed victimhood, backhanded concern, and silent withdrawal instead of confrontation. Seven ways it shows up in a real thread.

How-To

How to Export Snapchat Messages for Court Evidence

Snapchat is built around disappearing messages by default — here's how to request your own data, what honestly comes back, and what doesn't.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Colorado? HB26-1309, Explained

Colorado's HB26-1309 made coercive control an enumerated form of domestic violence and created a rebuttable presumption against joint custody decision-making — not just another best-interests factor.

Family Law

How to Get the Other Parent's Text Messages Through Discovery

Getting the other party's messages — not your own — means formal discovery: requests for production, subpoenas, and sometimes a forensic exam. What actually works, and why this is a case for an attorney.

Privacy & Ethics

Is It Legal to Read Your Co-Parent's Text Messages Without Permission?

Accessing a co-parent's phone, email, or cloud account without authorization can create real legal exposure — even on a shared device or with an old password. What federal and state law generally cover, and the safer alternative.

How-To

How to Export Telegram Messages for Court Evidence

Telegram's own export tool is unusually complete and immediate — no data request, no third-party tool. Here's where to find it, which settings matter, and how to get a file Verity can read.

How-To

How to Export Signal Messages for Court Evidence

Signal has no one-click chat export, and its official "account data" download doesn't include your messages at all. Here's what's actually possible, and why the gap exists by design.

How-To

Skype Chat History for Court: What Actually Happened to Your Data

Skype shut down in May 2025, and Microsoft finished permanently deleting Skype chat history on June 15, 2026. If you didn't export before then, here's what's actually gone, and the one narrow exception.

How-To

How to Export Viber Messages for Court Evidence

Viber has a real built-in export for text messages — "Email Chat History" — that produces a CSV file. Here's how to find it, what it does and doesn't include, and how Verity reads the result.

How-To

How to Export WeChat Messages for Court Evidence

WeChat has no button that exports a readable copy of your chat history — by WeChat's own admission, messages aren't stored on its servers to export. Here's what's actually available, and why it falls short of a clean export.

Family Law

The Gray Rock Method: Does It Actually Help With High-Conflict Co-Parenting?

Gray rocking is usually advice for cutting someone out entirely. Co-parents can't do that. Here's an honest look at what the strategy becomes when you still have to communicate — and where it backfires.

Family Law

When a Co-Parent Refuses the Court-Ordered Exchange

A no-show, an unanswered confirmation text, or a parent who shows up but won't hand over the child. What a documented pattern of refused exchanges can support in court, and the texting habits that make it credible.

Family Law

When a Co-Parent Blocks Calls or Video Chats With Your Child

Scheduled calls that never happen, a child who "didn't want to talk," a pattern of unavailability during your designated time. How to document it honestly, and what text evidence can and can't prove.

Reference

Screenshot vs. Native Export vs. Forensic Extraction: What's the Difference for Court?

Screenshot, native export, and forensic extraction get used loosely — but they're three genuinely different tiers of evidence quality. Here's the real spectrum, and which one your case actually needs.

How-To

How to Build a Hash-Verified, Bates-Numbered Exhibit Packet

The practical companion to FRE 901/902: what a SHA-256 hash actually is, how to generate one on Windows or Mac, what Bates numbering means, and how the two combine into a court-ready text-message exhibit.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Hawaii?

Hawaii was the first state to pass a coercive-control law, in 2020. What HRS § 586-1 actually says, and why — unlike Washington, Connecticut, or Colorado — it doesn't yet reach child custody.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Arizona? The Alec and Lydia Act, Explained

Arizona's Alec and Lydia Act built a mandatory presumption around coercive control in mid-2026 — broader than a joint-custody-only rule. What A.R.S. §§ 25-403.03, 25-404, and 25-411 actually say.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Massachusetts?

Chapter 118 of the Acts of 2024 rewrote the definition of abuse in M.G.L. c. 209A to add coercive control — and it connects directly to custody through c. 208, § 31.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Vermont?

Act 103 added coercive controlling behavior to Vermont's definition of abuse at 15 V.S.A. § 1101 — and it's a direct best-interests custody factor under 15 V.S.A. § 665(a)(9).

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in New Jersey?

New Jersey added coercive control to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act in 2024 — but not as a predicate act. What N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(7) actually does, per a 2026 appellate ruling.

Family Law

How Broad Can a Text Message Discovery Request Be? A Recent Case Says: Not This Broad

A 2026 Florida appellate decision quashed a discovery order demanding two-plus years of a parent's text messages with a non-party relative. What courts expect from a discovery request.

How-To

OurFamilyWizard's First-Viewed Timestamps: What They Actually Prove

OurFamilyWizard records the exact moment a message is opened. Here's what that timestamp does and doesn't prove, and why "they saw it and didn't respond" is a claim worth being careful with.

How-To

TalkingParents Accountable Calling: How to Actually Get Your Recordings and Transcripts

Every Accountable Calling call is recorded and transcribed. Here's exactly how to retrieve a single call or export your whole Calling Record in bulk, plus current plan minutes and pricing.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Maine?

Unlike eight other states in this series, Maine has no standalone coercive-control definition. What a 2025 amendment to 19-A M.R.S. § 4102 actually changed — and didn't.

Family Law

When a Co-Parent Makes Unilateral Decisions: School, Medical, and Travel Without Your Consent

A new school, a changed doctor, a booked flight — announced, not discussed. What counts as a violation depends on your custody order, but the text trail around it is often the whole story.

Comparison

Verity vs. Forensic Extraction Tools

Hash-verification and chain-of-custody tools solve authentication. Verity solves something different: what a conversation actually shows once it's established as real.

How-To

How to Export a WhatsApp Chat for Court

WhatsApp has a built-in Export Chat feature on both iPhone and Android. Here's where to find it, which option to pick, and what the resulting file actually looks like.

How-To

How to Export Facebook Messenger and Instagram DMs for Court Evidence

Facebook and Instagram are both owned by Meta and export through the same tool, but as two separate requests. Here's how to request the right conversation, in either format Meta offers.

How-To

How to Export Google Messages (Android Texts) for Court Evidence

Android doesn't have one default texting app the way iPhone does. Here's how to pull a Google Messages history out of Google Takeout, plus the SMS Backup & Restore alternative.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Utah?

Utah House Bill 303 defines coercive control at § 81-9-101(2) and adds it as a custody and parent-time factor — with a real wrinkle in when different parts of the bill took effect.

Comparison

CustodyComms vs. Verity

CustodyComms hashes, Bates-numbers, and certifies a conversation export as a court-ready evidence package. Verity analyzes what the conversation actually shows.

How-To

AppClose Certified Electronic Business Records: What They Actually Prove

AppClose lets any user export a tamper-resistant "certified" record with a verifiable ID — here's what that certification actually proves, and how it differs from a self-generated hash.

Family Law

Signal, Auto-Delete, and Disappearing Messages: A Growing Spoliation Risk

Apps that delete messages automatically create a different spoliation risk than manually deleting a text — two 2025 federal rulings show courts aren't sympathetic once a preservation duty exists.

Family Law

Texting Instead of Using the Court-Ordered App? What That Can Cost You

Many parenting orders require co-parents to communicate through a specific platform. Here's why, what it means when the other parent texts you directly instead, and why those texts still count.

Family Law

Can a Court Force You to Hand Over Your Phone? One Texas Case Says: Not Like This

A March 2026 Texas appellate decision blocked an order compelling a litigant to hand over his phone for forensic examination, applying the Fifth Amendment — and why that's different from message discovery.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in New Hampshire?

HB 1522, signed July 2, 2026 as Chapter 230, adds a "coercive control" definition to RSA 173-B:1. What it says, and how it reaches custody law under RSA 461-A.

How-To

You Have 700 Screenshots and a Court Date: How to Actually Organize Them

A practical guide for turning a huge, disorganized screenshot pile into something an attorney can actually use — sort chronologically, cluster by incident, caption, cut, and label.

Family Law

Can You Subpoena Verizon, AT&T, or T-Mobile for Text Messages?

Carriers generally don't keep the actual content of a text message — and a federal law, the Stored Communications Act, makes it hard to compel them even when they do. What to request instead.

Family Law

Can Someone Read My Texts From an Old Phone Still Logged Into iCloud?

An old phone or laptop left behind after a separation can keep syncing current iMessages if it's still signed into your Apple ID. Why it happens, how to lock it down, and the legal line on the other side.

How-To

How Many Text Messages Is Too Many to Give a Guardian ad Litem?

Worried that 7,000 messages will look like an unfocused dump, but also worried that fewer will look like you're hiding something? Here's how to think about volume vs. organization.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Oklahoma? SB 901, Explained

Signed April 18, 2024, effective that November — SB 901 added coercive control to the domestic violence definition that triggers Oklahoma's custody presumption at 43 O.S. § 109.

Family Law

California SB 50: Coercive Control and Connected Devices, Explained

Effective January 1, 2026 — SB 50 amended Family Code § 6320 so coercive control can be carried out through smart locks, trackers, and shared accounts, and created a device protection request process.

Comparison

Dispute Buddy vs. Verity

Dispute Buddy extracts iPhone and OurFamilyWizard conversations and generates its own behavior-analysis report. Here's how that actually compares to Verity.

Family Law

Are Text Messages Admissible in Family Court?

Yes, generally — if they're authenticated. What actually gets text messages excluded from a family court case, and how to avoid it.

Comparison

Verity vs. Hiring a Digital Forensics Expert

A licensed digital forensics examiner and Verity solve different problems at very different price points. Here's how to tell which one a given case actually needs.

Comparison

CoParenter vs. Verity

CoParenter is a live co-parenting communication platform with built-in mediation and a shared calendar. Here's how that compares to analyzing the conversation you already have.

How-To

iCloud Deleted My Texts — Can I Get Them Back?

Messages in iCloud syncs deletions across every device in real time — that's different from a backup. The distinction, and what might still be recoverable.

Family Law

Can They Subpoena Texts Between Me and My New Spouse?

Marital communications privilege can protect confidential texts between spouses — but it's not absolute, varies by state, and most states carve out an exception once child welfare is at issue.

Family Law

Do I Have to Produce WhatsApp, RCS, and Google Voice — or Just SMS?

Generally, all of it — courts don't usually exempt a message just because it traveled over WhatsApp or RCS instead of SMS. The real issue is almost always how precisely the request was worded.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Pennsylvania?

Not by that name — but Kayden's Law (Act 8 of 2024) created a rebuttable presumption of supervised-only custody when a court finds an ongoing risk of abuse.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO and the "Parental Alienation" Accusation

Raise a real safety concern and get accused of "alienating" the other parent instead of getting an answer — one of the most common DARVO sequences in custody cases.

Understanding Patterns

"I Never Said That": Gaslighting About a Verbal Schedule Change

A phone call agrees a pickup time, then gets flatly denied later. Why written confirmation matters, and how to document the pattern.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Florida Family Court?

Not yet — Florida has twice considered adding a coercive-control definition to its domestic violence statute, in 2025 and 2026, and both attempts died.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Illinois?

Not by that name — but "interference with personal liberty" comes close, and a 2026 coerced-debt law gives financial control patterns a real, named legal remedy.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Louisiana?

Not by name — but the Post-Separation Family Violence Relief Act creates one of the strongest custody presumptions in the country for a documented history of family violence.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Michigan?

Not in the protective-order statute — but Michigan law requires every domestic-relations mediator to screen for "a coercive or violent relationship" before mediation starts.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in Georgia?

Not currently — Georgia's family violence statute is built around specific offenses like battery and stalking, with no dedicated coercive-control category.

Family Law

Is Coercive Control Recognized in South Carolina?

Not yet — "Mica's Law" (S.702), which would define and criminalize coercive control, stalled in committee in 2026 without a full vote.

Understanding Patterns

"You Deleted My Messages": Gaslighting About What Was Actually Sent

A common gaslighting move is denying a message you can prove existed. Why a native export beats a screenshot in this specific fight.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO Immediately After You File for a Protective Order

Deny the underlying facts, attack you for filing, and reverse who the real victim is — sometimes within hours of service.

Understanding Patterns

Gaslighting the Custody Evaluator: Calm in the Interview, Different in Text

A custody evaluator sees a person for a handful of hours, total. A text thread shows a pattern across months. When the two don't match, the record is what closes the gap.

Understanding Patterns

Which Channel Proves It Happened? Authentication Differences Across SMS, Email, and Co-Parenting Apps

"That never happened" is a lot harder to say about a message with a platform-verified timestamp than one recovered from a screenshot.

Understanding Patterns

Gaslighting After a Protective Order: The "False Allegation" Rewrite

One of the more damaging gaslighting sequences: after a protective order is filed, the underlying events themselves get rewritten as something you fabricated.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO in the Custody Evaluator Interview

The deny-attack-reverse-victim-and-offender sequence doesn't only show up in text — it plays out in real time, in the room, during a custody evaluation interview.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO Through the Child: When the Message Comes From Their Phone

A denial-attack-reversal message sent from a child's device during the other parent's time raises a different question first: who actually wrote it.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO vs. a Legitimate Defense: How to Tell the Difference

Not every denial is DARVO, and not every counter-accusation is manipulation. A four-part test for telling the two apart.

Understanding Patterns

Gaslighting Through Medical and School Records

When the account a parent gives a pediatrician or teacher doesn't match what they told you directly, the mismatch itself is worth documenting.

Understanding Patterns

What Family Lawyers Actually Flag as Gaslighting in Discovery

Attorneys and paralegals reviewing a client's text export tend to look for the same handful of patterns. Here's what actually gets flagged.

Understanding Patterns

"The Kids Said You...": When a Reported Statement Becomes a Weapon

An unverifiable claim attributed to a child is hard to defend against by design. Why your own message history is the actual answer.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO in an Emergency or Ex Parte Filing

Filing first can look like acting first — even when the filing itself is the deny-attack-reverse sequence, dressed up as an emergency.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO in Attorney Letters and Discovery Volleys

The deny-attack-reverse sequence doesn't stay in text messages. It shows up in formal correspondence too, dressed in legal language.

Understanding Patterns

DARVO in Parenting Coordinator and Supervised Visitation Notes

A coordinator or supervisor only sees a slice of the relationship. When that slice gets shaped by a deny-attack-reverse performance, the notes inherit it.

Understanding Patterns

Building a DARVO Timeline Exhibit: A Worked Example

A single message rarely shows a pattern. Lined up against a declaration and a later transcript, the same messages can show exactly how it plays out.